![]() Tobacco, 1 alcohol, 2 illicit drugs, 3, 4 and non-medical prescription medication use 5 contribute substantially to morbidity, mortality, and societal costs. The TAPS-1 can identify unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with a high level of accuracy, and may have utility in primary care for rapid triage. Among those who denied drug use on the TAPS-1, less than 4% had a drug-positive biomarker. Frequency of use alone did not provide sufficient information to discriminate between gradations of substance use problem severity. When administered first, the self-administered format yielded higher disclosure rates for past 12-month alcohol use, illicit drug use, and prescription medication misuse. The performance of the interviewer-administered format was similar. ![]() Optimal frequency-of-use cut-points on the self-administered TAPS-1 for identifying SUDs were ≥ monthly use for tobacco and alcohol (sensitivity = 0.92 and 0.71, specificity = 0.80 and 0.85, AUC = 0.86 and 0.78, respectively) and any reported use for illicit drugs and prescription medication misuse (sensitivity = 0.93 and 0.89, specificity = 0.85 and 0.91, AUC = 0.89 and 0.90, respectively). ![]() Oral fluid was used as a biomarker of recent drug use. Main MeasuresĭSM-5 SUD criteria were determined via the modified Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Two thousand adult patients at five primary care sites. In this secondary analysis, the TAPS-1 was evaluated against DSM-5 substance use disorder (SUD) criteria to determine optimal cut-points for identifying unhealthy substance use at three severity levels (problem use, mild SUD, and moderate-to-severe SUD). Participants completed the TAPS tool in self- and interviewer-administered formats, in random order. To validate the TAPS-1 in primary care patients. The tool’s first-stage screening component (TAPS-1) consists of four items asking about past 12-month use for four substance categories, with response options of never, less than monthly, monthly, weekly, and daily or almost daily. This list is longer than you might think, and includes wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper, brass, stainless steels, carbon steels, and zinc diecasting alloys.The Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription Medication, and Other Substance use (TAPS) tool is a combined two-part screening and brief assessment developed for adult primary care patients. Generally, materials that produce a continuous chip when drilling are good candidates for thread forming. ![]() This includes light metals and light metal alloys as well as steels and other materials with tensile strength to 1200 N/mm 2 and hardness below about R C 35 – 40. Since the metal’s structure is cold worked along the thread profile, the threads produced are generally stronger and have a smooth, burnished surface finish.įorming taps must be applied in materials that cold form well. Rather, the process displaces the material to generate the thread form. Unlike thread cutting, no material is removed during thread forming. For ductile work materials, thread forming can provide better size control and stronger threads while improving tool life and productivity. ![]() The vast majority of threaded holes–more than 90%, according to one supplier of taps and other cutting tools–are produced using cutting taps.īut many of those threads could be produced using forming taps, which can provide multiple advantages. In the right application, thread forming can boost quality and throughput ![]()
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